Process of management

Describe the difference between a system and a process A system in management refers to a complete set of controlling, measuring and monitoring processes that an organization has and which play a role of ensuring that the objectives of a company as well as its operational processes are achieved. On the other hand, processes are those procedures and steps an organization follows to achieve a goal which can be in production, sales or recruitment.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Process of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why is it a good idea to create process flow charts? Process flow charts in management are important tools that a company uses to communicate to workers how business processes work (Mir and Qureshi 315). The flow charts are used to indicate how processes fit and also document how those processes are carried out. It is imperative to note that creating process flow charts enables a bu siness to identify areas in a process that needs improvement. As such, creating a flow chart is a good idea that aids a business to analyze and define processes, communicate flow of process and enhance the standard of processes. How does a focus on processes and process improvement help an organization become more effective? Focusing on improving process plays a critical role of ensuring that a company aligns its operations and affects lasting strategies that enhances improvements and attainment of desired outcomes. This is through developing a focus on factors which impact on the performance of process as well as end-to-end processes. In addition, a focus on process enhances employee morale through engagement in management process and learning how to implement solutions to process inadequacies. Besides, it aids in improving employee satisfaction, customer retention and reduction of cost. How would you recognize that a process needed to be improved? Identifying that there is need fo r a process to be improved springs from availability of opportunities, multiple failures and customer complaints. Besides, the need for process improvement can be due to a requirement by a business to grow its operations, carry out effective and efficient processes, to enhance competitive edge and to meet long term business objectives and goals. What is meant by a value-added operation? Value-added operations refer to a set of operations that a business requires in order to ensure that the performance criteria for creating a final product is met without failure and all necessary steps are optimally run.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How would you recognize a non-value added activity? Non-value adding activities can be recognized a when activities carried out in a business are done without following a flow chart. Besides, they can be determined from previous operations that have been done inaccurately as well as those that are incomplete (Mazu 43). Why is it important to study the process from the customer’s point of view? Customers form one of the driving factors of a business success. Studying process from customers’ perspective is important for identifying areas that need improvement, to enhance performance standards and to determine what customers require. What is meant by process ownership? Process ownership refers to the responsibility a person has to design necessary processes aimed at ensuring business plans and objectives are met. Who should be involved in process improvement efforts? How should the team be structured? Process improvement efforts are steps or systematic approaches that teams in an organization optimize in order to achieve efficiency in business processes. Various teams involved should be organized to carry out short term objectives, goals and leadership roles. Works Cited Mazu, Michael. â€Å"Heavy mettle victory: process management requires resiliency, perseverance.† Quality Progress 45.1 (2012): 42-46. Print. Mir, Imran, and Ijaz, Qureshi. â€Å"Innovative process management: a strategic weapon to succeed in a dynamic and hyper competitive environment.† Information Management and Business Review, 3.6 (2011): 315-327. Print. This assessment on Process of management was written and submitted by user Carlos Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Novice to Expert Nurse Leader Essays

Novice to Expert Nurse Leader Essays Novice to Expert Nurse Leader Paper Novice to Expert Nurse Leader Paper NOVICE TO EXPERT NURSE LEADER By Gwen Travis Gonzaga University NURS 553 The path to nursing leadership most often progresses from novice to expert nurse and then onto a novice nurse manager. The novice nurse manager is asked to lead and rarely given the tools or knowledge to be successful in this new role. The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition discussed by Patricia Benner includes the following five levels of competency in the clinical nurse (Benner, 1982): * Level I – NOVICE – beginners with no experience with practice situations and an inability to use discretionary judgment. Level II – ADVANCED BEGINNER – actions/decisions are based on prior experience in actual situations. * Level III – COMPETENT – actions are planned with long-range goals but lack speed or flexibility in decision-making. * Level IV – PROFICIENT – views situations as a whole rather than on an individual aspect and can revise plans in response to changes in a situation. * Level V – EXPERT – no longer relies on rules or guidelines in decision-making but intuitive understanding of the situation. Novice APN Leader As a novice nurse we are taught theoretical knowledge in school and along with the healthcare facilities policies and procedures, rely on these in our decision-making. (Gershenson, Moravick, Sellman Somerville, 2004). As we combine this theoretical foundation along with experience we can progress on through the levels toward expert nursing. The novice nurse manager needs rules to guide his/her actions. As an ASC facility administrator, I supervised a charge nurse who had been promoted to a nurse manager position. The nurse was considered an expert by her peers and surgeons. However, she had no experience/prior training with managing people, knowledge of human resources policies or financial/budget procedures. She struggled with time management, prioritizing duties and staff interpersonal relationships. She often became frustrated and made quick decisions without looking at the long-range goal or outcome of her actions and decisions. She allowed herself to be influenced by a fellow nurse who had been a co-worker when making staffing and/or disciplinary decisions. As a consequence this undermined her credibility with the surgeons and staff resulting in her leaving the facility for another position. All too often this is where the career path ends for a untrained novice manager as they question whether they have made the right decision or lose the confidence of upper management and their staff. Expert APN leader The expert advanced practice nurse leader would understand the importance of using evidence-based practice (EBP) in policy and decision-making. If the use of the latest, high-quality research is vital to optimal patient outcomes it can also transfer over to the development of staff and nursing leaders. Better trained nurses and leaders are more able to perform their jobs which should lead to the goals of improved patient care and expert staff retention. As research shows, there are several key factors involved in the development of an expert nurse manager which includes: mentorship, communication and positive feedback. (Gershenson, et al, 2004) Mentorship is critical for a novice nurse manager to assist with recognizing the changes of their new role. Constructive feedback provided by a mentor provides the novice with the benefits of years of experience and knowledge and is necessary for a novice nurse manager’s success. Effective mentorship and communication are also crucial as good (expert) leaders continue to develop their own skills and knowledge as â€Å"one can only lead others as far as they have gone themselves. † (Rizzo, 2005) An expert nurse manager/leader will see the organization and staff as a whole when planning, implementing or the revision of policies or practices. The expert advanced practice (AP) nurse leader would not have fallen victim to allowing the manipulation of a single staff member in decision-making the influenced the staff as a whole. We as APN leaders should strive to break the tradition of training future nursing leaders through â€Å"trial and error† and assist our colleagues in building the skills used in EBP within our practice settings. EBP must be a component when developing, implementing and evaluating current practices in future staff and leadership development as employees are an organization’s greatest resource and â€Å"a developing employee is a motivated employee. (Rizzo, 2005) References Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert. The American Journal of Nursing, 82(3), 402-407. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Gershenson, T. , Moravick, D. , Sellman, E. , Somerville, S. (2004) Career scope: Northeast. Expert to novice: a nurse leader’s evolution. Nursing Management, 35(6), 49-52. Retrieved from EBSCOho st. Rizzo, M. D. , (2005). Tools for Novice Health Care Clinical Administrators. The Health Care Manager, 24(1), 3-11. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Free to a Good Home - Why You Should Not Give Pets Away

Free to a Good Home - Why You Should Not Give Pets Away Once you have taken an animal into your home and made him or her part of your family, you have an obligation to protect and nurture that animal because you made a commitment. The animal has a right to expect to be treated as a member of the family. And that’s what makes the issue of re-homing pets an animal rights issue. But sometimes life throws a curveball and there are circumstances beyond your control. If you have fallen into a situation where you need to find new homes for your companion animals, you are in a disastrous position indeed. If you care for your animals at all, you will take every precaution to ensure they are going to a forever loving home. If you are truly desperate and dont have the time or ability to vet a stranger offering to take your companion, your best move is to local rescues for assistance. Many are networked nationwide and work incredibly hard to secure safe alternatives for pets. If rescues cant immediately help, take him or her to a shelter, as much as it may pain you to do so. At least, the animal may be given a chance to find a good home. Having to surrender your companion animal to a shelter is not the best outcome, but its a better outcome than having your companion fall into the wrong hands.   Criminals easily prey on people who just want the animals to go to a good home. They know that sometimes you are pressed for time and apparently have no choice but to turn the animal over to you in your hour of need. They rely on that raw emotion you have over having to surrender your friend while time is running out. They try to convince you they will be good guardians, and you very much want to believe them, which works in their favor. First and foremost, always affix an adoption fee. People looking for animals to abuse will usually not pay a fee. You may even hear a sob story from someone who wants your animal but cant afford to pay an adoption fee. But chances are if they cant afford to pay a $50 adoption fee, what will they do when the animal needs to be seen by a veterinarian? How will they afford to keep up with dental cleanings, check-ups, and vaccines? Charging an adoption fee also prevents someone from taking your animals on a whim, and then, having lost interest, turning them in at the shelter or abandoning them on a dark, lonely street far from home. Abuse Torture Sick and amoral people cannot always be spotted on looks alone. Some individuals want your dogs and cats just to  abuse, torture and kill them. By charging an adoption fee, you make it much more difficult for these animal abusers to acquire animals - specifically, your animals. Dogfighting According to the Michigan State University Animal Legal and Historical Center, one of the methods used to train fighting dogs is to dangle a small dog, cat, rabbit or guinea pig on a rope in front of a dog who is forced to run on a treadmill or around a circle. Naturally, these small animals are terrified and the dog is given the animal to kill as a reward at the end of the session. Where do these animals come from? Some people steal animals right off the street or from a backyard. In dogfighting, dogs are trained to be vicious and trained to attack other animals, so-called bait animals. In a Florida shelter, an elderly woman and her clean-cut young son came to adopt a small animal. Ostensibly, the animal was to be â€Å"a companion† for the elderly woman. The pair went home with a small white mixed breed who was immediately thrown into a ring with a fighting dog and killed. Looks can be deceiving and people searching for dogs for this purpose will use any disguise, tell any l ies and use charm to separate you from your loving companion. Again, charging an adoption fee makes it more difficult for someone to acquire animals for dogfighting. B Dealers Although there are breeding facilities to supply the animal-testing industry with dogs and cats, some laboratories attempt to cut corners by hiring dishonest intermediaries who deal in stolen pets. A woman named Barbara Ruggiero was such a dealer, referred to as a Class B dealer, a random source animal dealer regulated by the  USDA  to sell animals to laboratories for experimentation. Class B dealers sometimes acquire animals in unscrupulous ways, and charging a small adoption fee makes your animal unprofitable to them. Finding a New Home It is strongly recommended that you affix an adoption fee. You can always waive the fee if you find someone you truly trust. Whether or not you charge an adoption fee, there are steps you can take to make sure your animals are going to a good home: Home visit: Visit the potential adopters home and speak with the other family members. Are there other pets in the home? Who will care for the animals? Does anyone have allergies? Where will the animals live? If there are children, make sure that the adults know that they should be responsible for the animals; not the children. If the potential adopter doesn’t live near you, ask a rescue in the town where s/he lives to visit the home. Because of Facebook and Petfinder, the perfect guardian may be miles away, even in another state. Rescues often have volunteers to help you facilitate your adoption and put your mind at ease. PilotsNPaws may be able to transport your companion anywhere in the country where you find a suitable home. Consider relatives who live out of state; they may be willing to adopt your precious family member.Ask for references: Call the references and ask if the family has taken good care of their current or past pets. Ask what happened to their past pets - d id they die of natural causes after fifteen years, or did they seem to disappear after a few weeks? Ask for a vet reference: Call their current or past veterinarian and ask about the familys other pets and how well they were cared for. The vet may not give you very detailed information, but confirm that they have a relationship with a vet and ask whether the vet recommends the family as good  guardians.Animal abuser registry:  Animal abuser registries  are growing rapidly in response to public pressure. If you live in an area that has such a registry, be sure to take advantage of it. They list local people who have been convicted of animal cruelty in the past so that shelters and rescue groups can avoid them.Google  them: Whether or not someone has a history of animal abuse, an internet search might turn up past crimes and brushes with the law.Be prepared to take the animal back. You may have taken all of the important steps, but the pet may not be a good match for this family. Maybe your dog doesnt get along with their current dog. Maybe a family member has a previously un known allergy. To keep your animals safe, you have to be prepared to take them back and let the adopter know that you will take the animal back if it doesnt work out. Have the adopter sign a pet adoption contract.  Petrescue.com offers boilerplate adoption contracts that can be downloaded and printed outNever use Craigslist. Because Craigslist offers free or cheap items, those surfing Craigslist are looking for free cats and dogs. Even if you do have a fee, they’re confident they can con you into waiving it. Craigslist is never a good place to advertise an animal. Horror stories abound about animals given away to someone who found him or her on Craigslist. With reputable databases such as Petfinder and all the breed rescue sites, why would someone even be looking on Craigslist? Because they don’t want to deal with the paperwork and systems these sites have put in place to protect their animals.Breed Rescue If your animal is a purebred, reach out to the specific breed rescue and ask them to step in. Frequently they have a waiting list of anxious, but vetted, adopters. German Shepherd Dog Rescue and Siamese Rescue are two examples of a specific breed rescue group. If you still have doubts about the safety of giving your animal away to someone without vetting them first, consider these cases. In 2007, Anthony Appolonia of Aberdeen, NJ, convicted of  torturing and killing 19 cats and kittens, many which came from local free to a good home advertisements in the newspaper. Local rescuers had given him the cats but became suspicious when Appolonia requested additional cats. In 1998,  Class B dealer Barbara Ruggiero  and two accomplices were found guilty of felony grand theft of dogs in Los Angeles, CA, after they answered hundreds of free to a good home ads and then sold the dogs to laboratories,  to be used in experiments. The information on this website is not legal advice and is not a substitute for legal advice. For legal advice, please consult an attorney. Doris Lin, Esq.  is an animal rights attorney and Director of Legal Affairs for the Animal Protection League of NJ.

Galaxy budgeting system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Galaxy budgeting system - Research Paper Example hich then give periodic results regarding the resource requirements and usage by the different activities of the programs, which are then used as the basis for predicting the future budget requirements for programs and their subsequent activities (Dongsung, 97). The future budget is then informed by a comparison of the different programs and their resource consumption forming the basis for allocating future resources to such programs. Thus, the galaxy budgeting system does not only assess funding on the basis of terms only, but also on the basis of program comparison. The differentiating factor between the galaxy budgeting system and the other budgeting systems is that, the galaxy budgeting system employs the history of an organization, to determine its future resource allocation, while basing the allocations on the previous information and accomplishments (Dongsung, 103). This means that programs that make greater accomplishments have a higher chance of being allocated even more res ources, to enhance their further achievements. The advantage presented by the galaxy budgeting system is that; it safeguards against money wastage or confining of resources in the unproductive areas, since the system ensures the allocation of resources based on the productivity of the programs, thus steering the resource allocation in the right direction (Dongsung,

Social media and elections Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Social media and elections - Term Paper Example In 1865 with express messages growing between businesses, financial and legal offices, and banks of major cities, it became necessary for faster methods to communicate by telegram and letter. The pneumatic post came about to help with the shortcomings of the telegraphic network in Paris. Small metal cartridges carried telegrams and letters by pneumatic pressure. Information could be transferred both faster and independently without outside interference (Adams, 2011). The telephone has been the single most influential form of social media to come about before the 20th century. There has been a continual debate over who actually invented the telephone, among those are Charles Bourseul, Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray, and the debate goes on. In 1890 Bell and Edison were accredited to making it a commercial device. In 1891 Nikola Tesla developed the radio and obtained a US patent for the invention. This was another form of social media produced with radio frequencies. Email was introduced in 1966. The first email was actually sent in 1971 between two computers that were sitting side by side. The early systems of email required that each recipient be online at the same time in order to send and receive messages. What we have today is much more advanced in that it accepts, stores, forwards and delivers without having to be online at the same time (Adams, 2011). â€Å"Social media is the use of digital (and often mobile) technologies and Internet-based applications for exchanging or creating conversation.† (Adams, 2011). This has become the modern day definition of social media. However, history shows that social media can be include other forms of communication. Social interaction has become totally necessary in today’s culture and trade. The world has become a place where relationships are fragile and dealings can be difficult.

The Importance of a College Degree Essay Example for Free

The Importance of a College Degree Essay Your education is the single greatest gift you can give yourself. While there are educational opportunities all around us, some of them come at a greater cost than others. A college education might require a hefty investment of time and money upfront but the payoff is much better over time than if you used your life experiences in order to achieve the same level of education that you can pack into 2, 4, or 5 years of an undergraduate education on the college level. In other words, over the course of your lifetime you are likely to pay far less for your college education than you would pay (in earning potential) for not having a college education. At the same time, each level of college education you receive increases your overall earning potential. This means that a one-year degree in a technical field will provide a modest boost from a high school diploma when it comes to earning potential but an associates degree will provide an even better boost. You will see an even more significant improvement in earning potential when you increase from an associates degree to a bachelors degree. The vast majority of students enter the work force upon completion of a bachelors degree. Those students, however, who remain in school for graduate studies often, find that a masters degree even further improves their lifetime earning potentials. The problem for most when it comes to making the jump between degrees and educational levels is cost. There are times in life when we simply need to get out of school and get to work. The good news is that it is gradually becoming easier for those with careers to further their education without sacrificing either their careers or their family during the process. Of course there will be some sacrifices along the way but it isnt an all at once or nothing endeavor. You can work towards your degree by taking online classes. The information age has made it easier than ever before to achieve the educational goals you need to meet in order to satisfy your dreams for the future. Your level of education will get your foot in the door when it comes to  certain jobs and your lack of education will limit you far more than a lack of experience will limit you in many cases. As time grows on, more and more companies are seeking employees that have degrees rather than those who have experience in the field. If you hope to remain competitive in the business world you need to arm yourself with the proper education. The following chart demonstrate the idea of how college can impact your personal financial goals. Check with your company to see if they offer any sort of incentives for employees continuing their education. You might be surprised to find that your company offers to match your tuition funds or even completely reimburse them if you are working towards a degree that will assist you in your job functions. There is no wrong reason to get an education. Even if you are applying for a job that wont use your specific degree, you might find that having a degree at all gives you a boost over other applicants for the same position. A college degree is becoming more and more necessary in todays business climate. You need to take every opportunity that is available to you in order to get your college degree.

Antigone Essay :: essays research papers fc

All true Greek tragedies were written using the same basic set of characteristics. One such characteristic was that all the characters were of nobility. This was to ensure that their fall from grace would be greater to those watching the play in action. Another characteristic of all Greek tragedies is that they were written in poetic form, as this was the style of writing at the time. There were also always almost constant references to the gods and to matters of fate. And it was the ever-present chorus who made a great deal of these references. One of the most important characteristics of the Greek tragedy was that the hero of the play always had a fatal flaw which proved not only to be their downfall but the cause of destruction of all those around them. Sophocles play â€Å"Antigone† is a wonderful example of the Greek tragedy because it encompasses all these characteristics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major characters in the play are all nobility in some form or another. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and Iocaste the former king and queen which makes her a princess (Scene 2, Lines 1-2) (Scene 4, Lines 36-44). She is also the sister of Ismene (Prologue, Lines 1&7) which makes her a princess as well. The ruling king of Thebes at the time is King Creon (Prologue, Line 6). He has a wife Eurydice who is queen (Exodus, Line 25-26) and a son Haimon who is the prince (Exodus, Lines 64-68). The reason that the characters were all forms of nobility is to make their fall from grace and or powers seem even greater and harder for them to bear. This was designed to be uplifting to the common peoples of ancient Greece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like other play that were written at this point in time Sophocles wrote his play â€Å"Antigone† in poetic form. This can be seen in various places throughout the play (Parados, Line 1-7). And although some of its poetic form is lost in the translation of the play from ancient Greek to Modern English, it is still evident primarily when the chorus is explaining the passage of time (Scene 4, Lines 33-36). Or describing a battle to the audience (Parados, Lines 34-38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antigone is also full of references to the gods and to fate (Exodus, Lines 3-6) and how it has affected specific character’s lives. The chorus made a large amount of these references themselves, when talking about the gods (Ode 2, Lines 13-18) and to fate (Ode 2, Lines 25-28).

Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence

Each of the central characters in â€Å"Open Secrets† by Alice Munro and â€Å"Paradise Lost† by John Milton are driven and sustained by the relationship between the realities of their existence and their personal ideologies. The conflict between ideology and reality is an important theme in the work of Munro and Milton and both the obvious discrepancies and the more subtle references to this define many aspects of the plot and characterisation. An examination of the reactions of characters to the restrictions placed on them by the reality in which they exist, and their perception of this reality is fundamental to understanding the ideologies which they possess. Their ideologies are the crucial influence on the experiences and eventual fates of each character. Ultimately the question of whether or not these relationships and conflicts are resolved or overcome is the key to gaining a deeper insight into the texts, and simultaneously provides the reader with evidence of the authors' own beliefs and ideologies. In Paradise Lost, Milton makes use of the ideas of contrast and opposition in order to create a text which is highly significant of his own personal ideology and, at the same time, a beautiful and intricate piece of epic poetry. The first character which the reader is able to engage with on a relatively profound level is Satan. This is not as ironic as it may seem as the title should ensure that the reader is forewarned of the fact that the main concern of the poem is going to be the story of the brief but significant triumph of evil over good (Satan's success in the temptation of Eve). From the outset Milton establishes to his readers that Satan is a colossal antagonist, with the realisation that his potential for evil and his success as a tempter are unquestionable. Milton's approach in the characterisation of Satan was definitely unorthodox at the time of writing, however, his methods are essential if the plot and characterisation is to be meaningful and believable. By rendering Satan as an attractive and awesome character, he immediately invites his readers to engage with the, as yet, only briefly mentioned characters of Adam and Eve. If the readers can find themselves taken in by Satan's attractive and inspiring rhetoric, then the successful temptation of Eve becomes not only more believable to the reader, but an inevitable outcome of the plot. Milton's characterisation, not only of Satan, but of the characters of Adam and Eve is extremely important and worthy of study. The story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, which is the main source for the poem's subject matter, is so well known as to be almost indelibly stamped upon the consciousness of Christian and, more importantly, Western Civilisation as a whole. This added depth of characterisation which permits the readers to engage with the main protagonists is essential to the greatness of this text and without it the poem would not be regarded as such an important milestone in English literature. Desmond M. Hamlet writes that in Paradise Lost â€Å"Satan's sin is terrible because it is a rebellion against God's love, actualised in the Son who functions in the entire poem as the indispensable creative and restorative agency for the dissemination of that love in practical and exemplary ways. † In â€Å"Sudden Apprehension†, Lee A. Jacobus asserts that one of the driving forces behind Milton's personal ideology was the importance he placed on having true self knowledge. Satan is known in Christian Mythology as the great deceiver, and as the embodiment of evil in Paradise Lost. Milton ironically undercuts Satan's seemingly powerful and beautiful speeches but showing undoubtedly that Satan has succeeded unconsciously in deceiving himself. This contrasts with Adam who was born â€Å"self knowing† and whose natural impulse is to give thanks to god: Tell me, how may I know him, how adore, / From whom I have that thus I move and live, / And feel that I am happier than I know† (Book 8, 250-282) The reality of Adam's existence in Paradise demands obedience to God's will, however, his behaviour is influenced by his fixation on Eve's beauty. This flaw in his ideology leads him to permit Eve to work in the garden alone, and also to co-operate with her in what leads to their fall from Paradise. Her ear leads her to the pool which deceives her on two counts, it is not â€Å"a liquid plain† nor â€Å"another skie† Aristotle wrote that the ear was the principal source of wisdom so in book 4 the reader is already being warned that eves thirst for knowledge will lead her astray. footnote *sudden apprehension by jacobus chapter 2 pg 33-34* â€Å"In Paradise Lost, the reader is repeatedly forced to acknowledge the unworthiness of values and ideals he had previously admired† (Stanley E. Fish in surprised by sin; the reader in paradise lost Berkeley university of California press 1973) In â€Å"Poet of Exile†, Louis L. Martz writes that, in the beginning, â€Å"Adam and Eve†¦ have all our basic psychological qualities†, in short, they are made frail by their God given right to choose and their possession of free will. â€Å"We – the readers – were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies† (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as representative of the false heroic image that does not stand up against the weapons and strength of true Christianity. od as an allegory for the tyrants which Milton raged against and Satan as an allegorical representation of those who kept the tyrants in power by fighting unsuccessfully against them due to the fact that they wanted only to replace the tyrant not work for a better world. â€Å"Open Secrets† the title tale of Alice Munro's collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the story's beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hikers: â€Å"For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies†¦ † The ambiguous meaning of the word â€Å"lies† is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bell's disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and viewpoint of a character within the text, much like Milton's seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened. This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as â€Å"lies† and the hikers' optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. CONCLUSION†¦. Jackson I. Cope, in his book, â€Å"The Metaphoric Structure of Paradise Lost† writes, â€Å"The immediate and intuitive language, which frustrates the religious polemicist in discursive argument is precisely the â€Å"corporeal† world out of which the poet shapes reality†. I feel this is an important point when reading the texts of Munro and Milton. In my opinion, as a reader, the ideology of the author is not of supreme importance. Readers are often drawn to attempt to work out the author's personal ideology through the characterisation, use of metaphor and allegory and other literary devices present in the text, however, this can arguably obscure evidence of the author's true aim – to create beautiful and engaging works of fiction. Paradise Lost and Open Secrets are representative of the work of Milton and Munro and are texts peopled with strong engaging characters which demand that the readers examine their own consciences, personal ideologies and perceptions of reality. In this sense, the greatest achievement of Munro is to engage and entertain her readers, without satisfying them with stereotypical and unremarkable romances and mysteries. Lucy Hughes-Hallett writes about Open Secrets – â€Å"In story after story there is an intricate layered richness as one narrative is braided into another, not by dint of coincidences or revelations, but simply by Munro's insistence that every life is important†. While Munro's ideology is somewhat revealed through her choice of plots and protagonists, the point which seems to pervade her writing is that the ideologies of the characters are the most important and it is with their personal realities and perceptions with which we should be engaging, and not hers. Critics have argued for centuries over the significance of Paradise Lost in relation to Milton's own political and religious ideologies, and while I accept that the poem does reflect Milton's views of organised religion in general, I think the allegorical function and perceived polemic is less important than his efforts to engage his readers with the characters and moral implications of the text. Milton is similar to Munro in this sense, she deals with ordinary lives and in Paradise Lost Milton deals with a familiar age old tale. Through use of characterisation and by contrasting reality with ideology, Milton gives the questions and arguments raised by this age old story a personal slant and turns the poem into a voyage of discovery for his readers. Neither Milton nor Munro set out to make their fiction easy or superficially satisfactory to their readers, however, they both deal extensively with the conflict between the realities of existence and false ideologies which is a universal theme and one which each reader can achieve some level of personal identification with. (1677) Open Secrets – â€Å"Carried Away† â€Å"†¦ had been in love once, with a doctor she had known in the sanatorium. † Her love was returned, eventually, costing the doctor his job. There was some harsh doubt in her mind about whether he had been told to leave the sanatorium or had left of his own accord, being weary of the entanglement. He was married, he had children. Letters had played a part that time, too. After he left, they were still writing to one another. And once or twice after she was released. â€Å"Then she asked him not to write anymore and he didn't. But the failure of his letters to arrive drove her out of Toronto†¦ † and made her take the travelling job. Then there would be only the one disappointment of the week, when she got back on Friday or Saturday night. Her last letter had been firm and stoical, and some consciousness of herself as a heroine of love's tragedy went with her around the country as she hauled her display cases up and down the stairs of small hotels and talked about Paris styles and said that her sample hats were bewitching, and drank her solitary glass of wine. If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† â€Å"I am glad to hear you do not have a sweetheart though I know that is selfish of me. I do not think you and I will ever meet again. I don't say that because I've had a dream what will happen or am a gloomy person always looking for the worst. It just seems to me it is the most probable thing to happen, though I don't dwell on it and go along every day doing the best I can to stay alive. I am not trying to worry you or get your sympathy either but just explain how the idea I won't ever see Carstairs again makes me think I can say anything I want. I guess it's like being sick with a fever. So I will say I love you. I think of you up on a stool at the Library reaching to put a book away and I come up and put my hands on your waist and lift you down, and you turning around inside my arms as if we agreed on everything. † Alice Munro – â€Å"What is remembered† It was the women, then, who could slip back–during the daytime hours, and always allowing for the stunning responsibility that had been landed on them, in the matter of the children–into a kind of second adolescence. A lightening of spirits when the husbands departed. Dreamy rebellion, subversive get-togethers, laughing fits that were a throwback to high school, mushrooming between the walls that the husband was paying for, in the hours when he wasn't there. In a more recent short fiction – â€Å"What is remembered†, Munro writes another abortive love story, quite similarly in structure to â€Å"Carried Away†. The protagonist in this story is a young wife named Meriel who has a brief fling with a doctor she meets at a funeral. Meriel's ideology and perception of events are revealed in part with a short so called â€Å"discussion† with her husband, as he nears the end of his life. Her husband Pierre insists that the male in a love story is pleased when he is rejected by the heroine as he â€Å"hates loving her†, Meriel disagrees, consciously or unconsciously referring to her own perception of what she has experienced: â€Å"They'd have something. Their experience. † He would pretty well forget it, and she'd die of shame and rejection. She's intelligent. She knows that. † â€Å"Well,† said Meriel, pausing for a bit, because she felt cornered. â€Å"Well, Turgenev doesn't say that. He says she's totally taken aback. He says she's cold. † â€Å"Intelligence makes her cold. Intelligent means cold, for a woman. † â€Å"No. † â€Å"I mean in the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century it does. † This exchange is symbolic as it shows that, through her experience, Meriel is able to engage with the heroine in the novel and reject the author's control of events. I think this is a pertinent point to take into consideration when searching for the ideological basis of Munro's work. She writes about normal people, who have strange experiences but react in ways that the reader can empathise with. Louisa in â€Å"Carried Away† is described as having a rather nondescript personality and leading a life which is for the most part without high drama. The characterisation is subtle and understated. â€Å"The fact that he was dead did not seem to have much effect on Meriel's daydreams†¦ They had to wear themselves out in a way she did not control and never understood. † If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† â€Å"He wrote that he did not expect to come home†¦ When the war ended, it was a while since she had heard from him. She went on expecting a letter every day and nothing came. Nothing came. She was afraid that he might have been one of those unluckiest of soldiers in the whole war – one of those killed in the last week, or on the last day, or even in the last hour†¦ When she entered the town hall she always felt he might be there before her, leaning up against the wall awaiting her arrival. Sometimes she felt it so strongly she saw a shadow that she mistook for a man. She understood now how people believed they had seen ghosts. Whenever the door opened she expected to look up into his face. Sometimes she made a pact with herself not to look up until she had counted to ten†¦ She had to be forgiven, didn't she, she had to be forgiven for thinking, after such letters, that the one thing that could never happen was that he wouldn't approach her, wouldn't get in touch with her at all? Never cross her threshold after such avowals?†¦ She read a short notice of his marriage to a Miss Grace Horne. Not a girl she knew. Not a library user. There was no picture. Brown and cream piping. Such was the end, and had to be, to her romance? † Throughout â€Å"Carried Away† Louisa is unlucky in her pursuit of love. She is not doomed to be a spinster throughout her life, and in fact, marries well, giving her a comfortable lifestyle and a degree of happiness. This occurs despite her previous two encounters with love which left her not overtly broken-hearted but on a subtle level, wounded. The poignant and bittersweet way in which Munro recounts the tale of Louisa's doomed romance with the Doctor from the sanatorium draws the reader still further in as it mirrors Louisa's stoical tone in breaking off the romance. And yet her belief that the mysterious soldier will one day declare his love in person is not inconsistent as despite her previous disappointment, Louisa is still eager to succumb to love: â€Å"If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† In a sense this is Louisa's â€Å"open secret†, as she informs the soldier, Jack Agnew, early on in their correspondence that she was once in love but that it had to be broken off. By opening herself up to him (because as the reader knows, Louisa is not generally outgoing with information) she sets herself up for an even deeper wound when she receives both the short note and the returned photograph. This is a truly upsetting moment in this unconventional love story as Louisa's thoughts, indecisions and insecurities are clearly stated. To have it returned in such a cowardly manner seems to add insult to injury. Louisa, however, remains firm in the face of adversity, even joking with an acquaintance and gently reprimanding herself for daring to believe that the soldier could have loved her : Ah, that's so, that's so! † Louisa said. â€Å"And what was it in my case but vanity, which deserves to get slapped down! † Her eyes were glassy and her expression roguish. â€Å"You don't think he'd had a good look at me any one time and thought the original was even worse than the poor picture, so he backed off? † Her gentle self mocking is not meant to induce sympathy from the reader, in the same way that Jack's belief that he would never see Carstairs again was not an attempt by him â€Å"to gain (her) sympathy† instead, just a simple statement of what he perceived to be a fact. His perception however, is utterly wrong, and his false ideology leads him to tell Louisa that he is in love with her. Jack clearly believes in his pessimistic ideology, as the consequences of toying with Louisa's emotions are brutally cruel otherwise, and Jack is not perceived by the reader as a cruel man. However Munro does avenge her protagonist slightly by serving Jack with one of the most ridiculous deaths and a funeral which was one of the best attended in years, not because he was so popular or well liked but because the people â€Å"wished to pay tribute to the sensational and tragic manner of his death† Open Secrets† the title tale of Alice Munro's collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the story's beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hi kers: â€Å"For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies†¦ † The ambiguous meaning of the word â€Å"lies† is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bell's disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and viewpoint of a character within the text, much like Milton's seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened. This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as â€Å"lies† and the hikers' optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. â€Å"They will try to make out she was some poor innocent, but the facts are dead different† says one of the schoolgirl acquaintances of Heather Bell. â€Å"†¦ the undefined nature of evil should be seen as the ideological context of Satan's notorious inconsistency as a character† â€Å"Satan defines his evil goal†¦ strictly in oppositional terms† Milton was writing at the time of the emergence of a relatively new ideological situation in which ethical codes of good and evil are being reshuffled and centred, in which evil reappears with revitalised force as a†¦ placeless agent that can find its definition not positively or inherently but only in reacting against some similarly abstract and unified concept or agent of virtue or reason. â€Å"On the one hand, Satan is a meta-epic character† â€Å"Satan is cast†¦ as a stock figure of evil† â€Å"The dominant form of drama in the Satan figures as the fragmentary subject of constitutively unsatisfied desire† Some versions of Pastoral† William Empson – â€Å"Empson argues that there is a coherent Satan, but that this coherence is only an impressive faiade upon which two different and quite inconsistent viewpoint are constantly superimposed† Milton characterises Satan as a creature at once attractive and evil, appealing and destructive. Satan has the accoutrements of the great leader, the attractiveness of an epic adventurer. Books 1 and 2 reveal an heroic self assertion, self reliance and self deification that we find not only exciting but with which we identify to varying degrees. Temptation does not come in an unattractive form. Milton ironically undercuts Satan's magnificence by linking him repeatedly to tyranny, deceit and destruction. Lucifer's fall comes because he refuses to accept his subordinate position. Satan's goal is â€Å"to equal God in power† (5. 343) so that in effect he becomes a parody of god and especially of the son to whom he is consistently placed as a foil throughout Paradise Lost. He lies with superb skill and persuasiveness. Impressive and attractive leader. Bold military leader, resolute, resourceful, capable of inspiring a large and devoted following. Satan represents the style of life which is most attractive to mankind but that was also the root cause of human evil and misery. The magnificent pretence of Satan is both defeated and exposed when he loses the battle on the third day. God and Satan – both references to church and organised religion Satan hates God and sunlight (4. 37) and living things (4. 197) and the organisation of the cosmos (2. 938-84) in the garden of Eden he sees â€Å"saw undelighted all delight† (4. 286) he is determined to bring man pain instead of joy, woes instead of pleasure (4. 68-9,535) at first he expresses pity for Adam and Eve but soon recovers with a rationalisation, putting the blame on god. â€Å"Hell shall unfold/To entertain you two, her widest Gates† (4. 381-3) â€Å"†¦ stronger hate,/Hate stronger, under shew of love, well feign'd /The way which to her run now I tend† (9. 491-93) Satan's approach to Eve is specious and deceptive, but is also moving and persua sive. He leads Eve to accept a flattering view of himself as a serpent and herself as a goddess. Satan urges them to â€Å"be as Gods† (9. 708-14) which was the same sin by which he himself had fallen. Bridge from hell to earth â€Å"a passage broad, / Smooth, easie, inoffensive down to hell† (10. 304-5) this fulfils Satan's plan for â€Å"Earth with Hell / To mingle and involve† (2. 383-84) Satan re-enters hell triumphantly with a call to the demonic hosts to rise and enter â€Å"into full bliss† (10. 502-3) instead of ascending however they fall and are converted into serpents. This is our last direct vision of Satan in the epic, as the greatest triumph of the great perverter is itself ironically perverted. Satan's perversion of created god is itself reversed and creation renewed. Satan declares in book 1 that he intended â€Å"out of good still to find means of evil† (1. 165) but in the concluding book the restored and instructed Adam celebrates the providential deliverance to come by the son â€Å"That all this good of evil shall produce ? And evil turn to good† (12. 470-471) The degeneration of Satan's character in paradise lost is brilliantly conceived and executed. Instead of becoming the king of heaven he becomes the king of hell, and on earth he passes through the even lower forms of vulture, cormorant, lion, tiger, toad and serpent. When he finally enters into the serpent â€Å"with bestial slime / This essence to incarnate and imbrute† (9. 165-66) – he stands at the farthest remove from his pretensions and in his harshest parody of god the son whose incarnation was to redeem and not to destroy man. Satan's revolt against God was freely committed however once in revolt he is no longer free but as the faithful Angel Abdiel taunts him â€Å"to thyself enthralled† (6. 181), enslaved to his own identification of himself with an impossible and irrational self image. As a result of this chosen enslavement he finds himself at odds not only with god but with himself and other creatures. He curse God and himself (4. 69-71) By attempting to exalt himself he repudiates his only viable mode of being, cannot fulfil himself and so â€Å"still unfulfilled with pain of longing pines† (4. 511). As he admits, even while he is adored on the throne of infernal divinity â€Å"the lower still I fall, only supreme / In misery† (4. 91-92). Seeking power apart from love, he declares that â€Å"only in destroying I find ease† and that even from the destruction that he pursues â€Å"worse to me redounds† and â€Å"torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contraries† (9. 128-9, 120-22) After asserting his hatred of god and himself he recognises that â€Å"which way I fly is hell; myself am hell† (4. 75) All good becomes bane to him but he refuse to repudiate his pride and so repentance is out of the question for him (4. 98 – 101). He is entirely consistent in his dedication â€Å"to waste (god's) whole creation or possess† it, and since he cannot possess it, he commits himself to its destruction (2. 365). The one promise he keeps is his bond to sin and death that â€Å"all things shall be your prey† (2. 844) â€Å"†¦ torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contraries† By his self deification and by his persistent strategy of domination and destruction, Satan creates the essential conditions of hell ; what god provides in hell itself is an abode suitable to Satan's free choice. It is not a question of real fire but the anguish and torment of a self chosen alienation from god (Calvinist theory) â€Å"†¦ from hell / One step no more than from himself† could Satan fly, and that hell â€Å"†¦ always in him burnes / Though in mid Heav'n† (4. 21-2, 9. 467-8) â€Å"We – the readers – were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies† (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as complete contradiction in terms. 200 Satan as representative of Milton's ideology – contrast with the son. 200 Satan as a character is doomed to fail in his quest to become ruler of heaven. On the third day of his battle with The Son, he is defeated. If the reader assumes that Milton was illuminating his own ideology through the character of Satan then there are a few interesting points to note. The Son is willing to sacrifice his life in order to improve the conditions humanity must endure after their fall from grace. This ideology contrasts directly with that of Satan, who states in Book 9 â€Å"only in destroying I find ease†. The Son is the embodiment of goodness and self-sacrificing virtue in Paradise Lost (Divine compassion, visibly appear'd/ Love without end, and without measure grace†) and his ideology triumphs over the false ideology of Satan. Satan and God are both aspects of the tyrannical power that Milton raged against throughout his lifetime. The false heroism of Satan is seen by some critics as an allegorical representation of the hypocrisy of those who fought against tyranny with no alternative world order in mind, those who wished to depose tyrants in order to assume this position for themselves. While the Son is unequivocally moral and good, God is depicted in a less human way, as tyrannical though not in an overtly bad way, I think this is symbolic of Milton's ideology, he did not believe that ideological theory by itself was worthy of praise, but that physical action should accompany any ideology which wished to be taken seriously – â€Å"I cannot praise a fugitive and uncloistered virtue, unexercised and unbreathed† (Milton, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce). Therefore the Son functions not only as a symbol of divine good, but also as an example that possession of a compassionate and virtuous ideology are only worthy if teamed with real sacrifice and meaningful action. Louisa – the reality of her situation, the reality of Maureen's situation, the reality or Meriel's situation. Their perceptions of these realities the significance of these perceptions on their fates and their experiences.

Ethical Health-care issue †Abortion Essay

Abortion is the induced termination of a pregnancy after conception. There are different ways in which an abortion can occur. Spontaneous abortions are usually termed as miscarriage. Miscarriage that happens between 8 to 22 weeks is due to incorrect replication of chromosomes, and it can be caused by environmental factors. Stillbirth and premature-birth are not considered miscarriage and it happens after 22 weeks and before 37 weeks of gestation. Therapeutic abortion is another type. It is an abortion induced to preserve the health of the pregnant female or avoid any complication that might happened to fetus during the gustation or thereafter. Therapeutic abortions are two types: Medical abortion and surgical abortion, while an abortion induced for any other reasons is termed and elective abortion. Abortion allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, but involve destruction of the under-developed embryo or fetus. For this reason, it is a controversial subject not only in America but also all over the world and stand divided calling themselves as pro-life, and pro-choice. In America, it has become so indoctrinated that one political party identify itself with pro-life, while the other party identify it with pro-choice. History of abortion: In Persian Empire abortifacients were known, and criminal abortions were severally punished there. Abortions were practiced in Greek and in Roman Empire. The Ephesian, appears to have been opposed to Rome’s free-abortion practice. This is a contra indication to the Hippocratic oath that stood so long as the ethical guide of medical profession that bears the name of great Greek. The content of the oath is this: I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to the effect. Similarly, I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. Even now it represent the highest of the development of strict ethical concept in medicine. That brings-up a question, why then it did not dissuade the abortion practice in his -own time and that of the Roman Empire. Late Dr. Edelstein is the one who shed light into this confusion. According to him only one school of thinking, out of many in existence, known as Pythagorean school thought that embryo was animate from the moment of conception, and an abortion meant destruction of a living being. However, most Greek thinkers, on the other hand, did not think so, and commended abortion and practiced it. The conclusion of Dr. Edelstein is that the oath did not represent the whole section of the society, nor did it was accepted by all ancient physicians. Medical writing down to Galen (A.D130-200) give evidence of the violation of almost every one of its injunctions, and it is very convincing. Development of Abortion Law The common law practiced prior to 1803, did not consider abortion performed before quickening-the first recognizable movement of the fetus in utero, appearing usually from 10th to the 18 weeks of pregnancy, as an indictable offence. Keep in mind English Statutory Law had a slow progression. The first criminal abortion act came into being in 1803, which made it a capital crime, but lessor punishment was awarded, if it is done before quickening. It continued to be so in the general revision of 1828. The criminal abortion act disappeared together with the death penalty in 1837, and did not reappear in the offences against person act of 1861. In 1929, the infant life preservation act came into being. It made an intentional act performed with the motivation, a felony. However, it contained a proviso that a person was to be found guilty of the offence only if it is evidentially found that the act that caused the death of child was not done in good faith for the purpose only of preserving the life of the mother. In 1967, the parliament enacted the Abortion Act of 1967. It allowed abortions, if two physicians agree: That the pregnancy is a risk to the life or of injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant women or any children of her family, greater than if the pregnancy was terminated. 2. Or there was a substantial risk that the child will be born with physical or mental abnormalities. Development of abortion Law in America Until the mid 19th century, English law was practiced in America. In 1821 Connecticut enacted the first abortion legislation in line with English law, but abortion before quickening was made a crime only in 1860. In 1829, New-york enacted a legislation, barring unquicken fetus as well as quicken fetus. It made the former a misdemeanor, and the later second-degree manslaughter. It also introduced a new concept of therapeutic abortion by which abortion will be excused if it is done to preserve the life of the mother. After the war between states legislation began to replace the common law. All these laws retained the quickening distinction, and maintained the punishment on that basis. Gradually in the middle of the 19th century, the quickening distinction disappeared from most of the state legislation and penalties were increased. By the end of 1950, a large majority state banned abortion, unless done to save or preserve the life of the mother. However, the state started to liberalize abortion statute after the ALI model penal code s230.3, set forth as Appendix B to the opinion in Doe V Botton, post, p.205. various courts in the country found various abortion laws unconstitutional while at the same time some courts found them constitutional and legal. In 1973, the Supreme Court of America, in Roe v Wade entered a finality of decision by interpreting the laws with respect to abortion in the light of the various provision of the Constitution of America, which even today is considered a land mark decision that provides the guide line to the principles of abortion and the rights and duties of the individual and the state. Ethical principles as the foundation of Law Respect for individual autonomy, beneficence (helping others), Non maleficence (not harming others), and Justice and fairness are some of the Ethical principles that form the very basis for the foundation of law in the society. It will be interesting to analyze as to how the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice and fairness have influenced the issue of Abortion in this contemporary society. Autonomy and Abortion Autonomy means the right to decide about something. Autonomy includes informed consent, confidentiality of information, truth telling and promise keeping. Reproductive autonomy means the right of the woman in taking part or participating in the process of decision making relating to the family planning matters, instead of the men, religious authorities or the state deciding it for them. Reproductive autonomy has also relevance in the context of social development and changes in the family structure for over 50 years. Autonomy means the right to have a choice without any external influence or interference by another person or institution, but also the moral responsibility. The moral responsibility does not interfere with freedom of choice but rather it is the approach to freedom. Freedom without responsibility is egoism, but responsibility without freedom is force. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution Guarantee this autonomy by introducing the concept of due process of law. This is the foundation upon which the court embarked upon when the court said that the right of privacy/autonomy is broad enough to encompass a women’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Beneficence and Abortion By beneficence, it means happiness to many. Abortion can be viewed from different ethical -standpoint. One of such view is utilitarianism. The morale behind the rule of utilitarianism is the highest amount of happiness for the largest amount of people. Based on the empirical evidence, utilitarianism support wide spread happiness of many. Analyzing abortion in this context, one can see the medical, social, and economic benefit, it brings to the great amount of people in the society. The following is some of the statistics: * Half of all the pregnancies in the U.S are unintentional and  ½ of these are terminated by medically safe legal abortions. * From 1973 to 2000, more that 39 million legal abortions occurred * By legalizing abortion, the largest decline in birth rate were seen among women over 35 years, teenagers, and unmarried women (Levine, et. el,1999) * Today 30% of abortions are done on women over 35 years. * If legal abortions were not available, more women would experience of unwanted child bearing, which will affect the entire family. Their emotional and psychological life will be affected. * Couples become willing to conceive without fear of genetic disorders. In such an even, they can avail the process of safe legal abortion. * Most women report a sense of relief after the abortion, although a few would report depression. Justice & fairness and Abortion Justice is the establishment of the principles of fairness. When one think about justice, in terms of equality, it has to be speaking about equal economic rights, equal educational and employment opportunities, equal divorce and child custody laws, and a uniform standard of sexual behavior as also the suffrage. The reasons for this call for justice is the understanding that men and women were invested with the same capabilities and the same consciousness of responsibility for their existence. When one think about justice in terms of abortion, the following facts are pertinent. * The woman enjoyed better right to terminate a pregnancy than she does in most state prior to 1970s, at least with early stage of pregnancy and why it need be restricted later. * American Medical Association was partially responsible for the anti abortion mood prevalent in the country in the late 19th century, especially in 1967, when the committee on human reproduction urged the adaptation of a stated policy of opposition to the induced – abortion when it is a threat to the mother or child, does not support reason or ethics. * In 1n 1970, APHA recommended 5 standards for abortion. 1. Rapid and simple abortion procedure. 2. Simplifying counseling service. 3. Avoiding psychiatric consultation. 4. A variety -of trained professionals. 5. Awareness about contraceptives and sterilization. Conflicting decision on abortion law by various courts in the country * Those trained in medicine, philosophy and theology are unable to arrive a consensus as to when life begins. * Constitution does not include the unborn as person. In areas other than criminal abortion, the law has been reluctant to endorse any theory that life begins before birth or to accord legal rights to the unborn. * The right of privacy is broad enough to encompass a women’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. However, the state has interest in the 3 areas: health of its subject, a valid medical standard, and legitimate interest in potential life. They are distinct. Each grows as the women approaches term and at a point during pregnancy, each becomes compelling. In the light of the present day medical knowledge the compelling point begins by the end of the 1st trimester. * The state’s important and legitimate interest in potential life, the compelling point is viability because the fetus has the capacity of a meaningful life outside of the mothers womb at this point. * The pregnancy prior to the compelling period can be terminated by the attending physician in consultation with his patient, and upon his or medical judgment, without regulation from the state. Conclusion Given the right to decide about the fate of pregnancy, every woman should be able to decide to terminate the pregnancy within a few weeks from the pregnancy. Woman need not have to prolong that period to 4th week, 9th week, 14th week, 19th week, 24th week, or29th week and so on to decide whether it is an unwanted pregnancy. Every man’s and woman’s right over his or her body does not mean, it is absolute; the exercise of this right should not damage the moral fiber of the community, instead it should bring-about great happiness to great number of its subject. Finally, abortion bring with it physical, emotional, and moral effects or complications which need to be addressed by her together with the help of her strong support system, which could be her friends, group support, work with the counselor, or her supportive family. References Christensen, T. E., & Wallace, O. (September 2012). The Effects of Abortion. Retrieved from http://http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-effects-of-abortion.htm Legal Information Institue, .. (January 1972). Roe v Wade (No 70-18). Retrieved from http://http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZO.html

A Critique of Friends in American Culture essays

A Critique of Friends in American Culture essays All forms of media, from literature to television and news magazines stem from and in turn create a particular sense of culture. Culture is projected and absorbed from advertisements that convince consumers to buy products to newscasters who pitch their own opinions to convince audiences that their reasoning is the best. The text to me that represents the most about culture is television, particularly of the sitcom genre. There is one television sitcom on the air that attracts millions of viewers every Thursday night. This show received an award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Series from the Actors Guild and twelve Emmy nominations since its debut. It features six twenty-somethings, three women; Monica, Phoebe and Rachel and three men; Ross, Joey and Chandler, who face life and love in New York. They take on the single life with their hilarious predicaments and different backgrounds, learning at the end of each episode that theres nothing that provides true comfort and companionship like friends. But in every episode, the cast helps us realize through laughter that lifes little problems are best handled in the company of others. If you havent guessed the shows title already, its the hit NBC show Friends. Debuting Sep 22, 1994, it was immediately successful in its portrayal of American culture. From the beginning, Americans from coast to coast could be seen and heard copying the clothes the actors wore and using the same lingo as the scriptwriters coined for the show. By performing a close cultural critique I will be able to show that the TV show Friends not only sets standards of living for people and reiterates in each episode that friends are the most important things to have in your life, but also that in real life that a group of friends as diverse as the ones on the TV show, would be vary rare to find. Do you ever go to the mall to s...

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup Whether you love playing soccer or just watching games like the World Cup,   learn some French soccer terms so you can talk about the sport. Note that in the U.S., football refers to  football amà ©ricain. In most of the rest of the world, football is what Americans call soccer. French Soccer Vocabulary In French,  le  football  means soccer in English, and le foot translates as football. These and related terms are vital to know if you want to talk knowledgeably about soccer in French. Le football, le foot   soccer, footballLa Coupe du monde, le Mondial   World CupLe match game, matchLa pà ©riode halfLa mi-temps   halftimeLe temps rà ©glementaire regular time (the standard 90-minute game)es arrà ªts de jeu stoppage timeLa prolongation overtime People and Players When talking about football in French, its important to learn the French terms related to the game of soccer. Une à ©quipe teamLes Bleus  Ã‚  the Blues - French soccer teamUn footballeu  Ã‚  soccer/football playerUn joueur  Ã‚  playerUn gardien de but, goal  Ã‚  goalieUn dà ©fenseur  Ã‚  defenderUn libero  Ã‚  sweeperUn ailier  Ã‚  wingerUn avant, attaquant  Ã‚  forwardUn buteur  Ã‚  strikerUn meneur de jeu  Ã‚  playmakerUn remplaà §ant  Ã‚  substituteUn entraineur  Ã‚  coachUn arbitre  Ã‚  refereeUn juge/arbitre de touche   line judge, assistant referee Plays and Penalties Understanding soccer in French means learning the terms for plays and penalties that are an inevitable part of soccer. Un but  Ã‚  goalUn but contre son camp  Ã‚  own goalLe carton jaune  Ã‚  yellow cardLe carton rouge  Ã‚  red cardUn caviar  Ã‚  perfect passDes contestations / protestations  Ã‚  dissentUn corner  Ã‚  corner kickun coup franc, coup de pied arrà ªtà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  free kickUn coup franc direct / indirect  Ã‚  direct / indirect kickUn coup de tà ªte  Ã‚  head buttUne faute  Ã‚  foulUne faute de main  Ã‚  hand ballUne feinte  Ã‚  fake outUn grand pont  Ã‚  kick/pass around a players legsHors-jeu  Ã‚  offsideUn match nul  Ã‚  tie game, drawLe mur  Ã‚  the wallUne passe  Ã‚  passUn pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty kickUn petit pont  Ã‚  nutmeg, between-the-legs passLe point de pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty spotUne remise en jeu, une touche  Ã‚  throw inUne simulation  Ã‚  dive (fake fall)Six mà ¨tres  Ã‚  goal kickSorti  Ã‚  out of boundsLa surface de but  Ã‚  6-yard boxLa surface de rà ©paration  Ã‚  penalty boxUn tacle  Ã‚  tackleNe tà ªte  Ã‚  h eaderLa volà ©e  Ã‚  volley Equipment Equipment is a key part of French soccer, as these terms demonstrate. Le stade  Ã‚  stadiumLe terrain de jeu  Ã‚  playing field, pitchLe milieu du terrain  Ã‚  midfieldLe ballon de foot  Ã‚  soccer ball, footballLes crampons  Ã‚  cleatsLe filet  Ã‚  goal netLe maillot  Ã‚  uniform, kitLe piquet de corner  Ã‚  corner flagLe protà ¨ge-tibia  Ã‚  shin guardLe sifflet  Ã‚  whistle Verbs Soccer is a game of action, so verbs- action words- are an important part of the game. Amortir  Ã‚  to trap, controlBà ©tonner  Ã‚  to put up a strong defenseContrà ´ler le ballon  Ã‚  to control the ballDà ©border  Ã‚  to get past an opponentDribbler  Ã‚  to dribbleÊtre en position de hors-jeu  Ã‚  to be offsideExpulser  Ã‚  to send offFaire du chiquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  to (take a) diveFaire une passe  Ã‚  to pass (the ball)Faire une tà ªte  Ã‚  to head (the ball)Faucher  Ã‚  to bring downFeinter  Ã‚  to fakeJouer la ligne de hors-jeu, jouer le hors-jeu  Ã‚  to set an offside trapMarquer (un but)  Ã‚  to score (a goal)Mener  Ã‚  to lead, be winningSauver un but/penalty  Ã‚  to save a goal/penaltyTirer  Ã‚  to shoot, kick

Malcome X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Malcome X - Essay Example For instance, Malcolm family was harassed a number of times by the ‘Ku Klux Klan’ group. The harassment made the family to move to Michigan. Nevertheless, the situation worsened when their house was set on blaze while the Whites watched the fire consume the entire house. The police force also watched as the house burnt down. In a few years, after the fire incidence, Malcolm’s father was found dead along the streets. Despite Little receiving threats of death from the White racists, the police force dismissed the claims of threats citing that Malcolm’s father committed a suicide. Malcolm’s mother suffered a shock as a result of Little’s demise. She was placed in a mental institution where she succumbed to death. These circumstances were experienced by Malcolm, whose father was a local activist. While in school, Malcolm claims that his schoolmates treated him like a pet as opposed to a human person. However, Malcolm was reported to be a diligent student in class, an aspect that saw him elected the class leader. Perhaps his life experiences led to his courageous stance while advocating the rights of blacks. Malcolm’s opponents accused him of propagating racism and violence. However, he remains amongst the most influential blacks in the US. Being a gifted and influential orator, a majority of his quotes are still honored by a large number of his followers, as well as the lovers of freedom, equality and justice among various races. In one sense, we were huddled in there, bonded together in seeking security, warmth and comfort from each other, and we didn’t know it. All of us, who might have probed space, cured cancer, or built industries, were, instead, black victims of the White’s social system (Malcolm 1). This is an emotional Malcolm’s quote that was recorded while giving a speech. The author specifically speaks about the ‘Harlem’ club. The author refers to the night club as a place that sees a multitude people of the same suffering, especially racism; they gather for a consolation and experiencing good time. The author refers to the crowd as a network of families. The night club is majorly perceived as a private place where the victims of racism find a rest. Malcolm saw a difference between the night club and the external racism among the whites. Generally, individuals that frequent the club are perceived as the victims of racism. These individuals understand the reality of capitalism, and are ready to tolerate the life of the ghetto. As a result, the night club has turned out to be a place where the blacks experience comfort. Although a large number of the blacks frequent the night club, a few of them understand the relationship between their survival and the network. Despite the regulars being belligerent and hustlers outside the club, they feel secure and comfortable while in the club. In addition, the quote reflects on the lost opportunities by the African-American masses. Malcolm refers to blacks as a society that is characterized by a hustling life. There are a number of competent blacks that would have begun successful businesses, but have perished in poverty due to lack of capital and opportunities. There are a good number of African-Americans that have